Why does my EV lose range in winter — and how much is normal?

Cold batteries deliver and accept energy less efficiently, and cabin heat draws power that would otherwise move the car—especially on short trips. Laboratory and real-world losses vary widely with temperature, speed, heater use, tires, and vehicle design, so the dashboard estimate may drop noticeably without indicating damage. Precondition while plugged in, use seat heaters when comfortable, keep tires properly inflated, and plan a larger charging buffer rather than chasing one universal percentage.